Bates Numbering
A method of indexing legal documents by placing unique, sequential numbers on each page. Originally created by the Bates Automatic Numbering Machine.
What You Need to Know
Bates numbers identify individual pages across a document set, often with a prefix and a sequential number. Exhibit labels identify whole exhibits. Confirm the required numbering and production format before stamping, and inspect every page for readable, unique identifiers.
Put this into practice
Use the step-by-step help to prepare and check your files. Definitions explain the terms; the rules and orders for your matter determine what is required.
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between Bates numbering and exhibit stamps?
Bates numbering applies sequential numbers to every page of produced documents (e.g., PLAINTIFF00001-00150), while exhibit stamps mark complete documents with single identifiers (e.g., Exhibit 1, Exhibit A). Bates numbers are used during discovery production, while exhibit stamps are applied for trial or deposition presentation.
Are Bates numbers required in discovery?
Bates numbering requirements, if any, come from local rules, ESI protocols, stipulations and court orders — check what governs your case. Whether Bates numbering is required for a production depends on local rules, any ESI protocol and the judge's orders — confirm before producing. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34(b)(2)(E) sets default procedures for producing documents and electronically stored information unless the parties stipulate or the court orders otherwise.
Can I use Bates numbering software instead of physical stamps?
Digital tools can add Bates identifiers. Check the required production format and verify the complete page sequence, including any prefix, before delivery. Software output still needs review against the instructions for the matter.
When It's Used
Used to track documents in discovery, depositions, and trial
Example
"Pages numbered as ACME001, ACME002, ACME003, etc., to identify production source and page number."
References to check
Related Terms
Exhibit Stamp
A label or marking applied to documentary evidence to identify it during legal proceedings. Typically includes the exhibit number or letter, party designation, and sometimes the case name.
Document Control Number
A unique identifier assigned to track documents in litigation, often combining the producing party prefix and a sequential number.
Sequential Labeling
Numbering or lettering exhibits in consecutive order (1, 2, 3... or A, B, C...) rather than by custom labels.
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